2022 IB Diploma Extended Essays

Speed is the change in the position of an object over time, while angular velocity is the change in angular position of an object over time between two bodies. Both the orbital speed and the angular velocity of a planet increase as the radius of the orbit decreases. The linear speed will be calculated in this experiment, where: = = 2 Centripetal Force Centripetal force is the force needed to keep an object on a curved path and acts toward a fixed point. In the case of Io, Jupiter is the fixed point (Robert H. Tyler, 2015) (Steigerwald, 2015). 3.1.4 Hypothesis I predict that the change in height of the liquid will increase as the speed increases. This is due to centripetal force and the effect it has on objects. There are also everyday examples such as if you swing a bucket filled with water fast enough upside down, no water spills out. This will therefore produce a positive relationship between the change in height of the liquid and the speed. This relationship should also pass through the origin because the liquid will not be displaced without the effect of speed in this situation. 3.2 Design This experiment’s goal is to demonstrate the orbit of Io around Jupiter and the effect it has on the molten interior. Therefore, I was inclined to incorporate a liquid as well as centripetal force. A centripetal force apparatus was available, then I modified the equipment to incorporate a liquid. A beaker was taped to one end of the apparatus and filled with water as a test of the experiment. However, this was not effective when it came to the reading of results and the viscosity of the liquid. 3.2.1 Variables Independent: The angular speed that the centripetal force apparatus is rotating (m/s). - How it was changed: The dial that controls speed was adjusted to create 6 different speeds of the largest range possible with the equipment. The speed could not be determined by the dial, thus 5 periods were timed to determine each speed. - Variations: 0.62, 0.80, 0.97, 1.19, 1.38, 1.62 (m/s) - Largest Estimated uncertainty: ± 0.05 m/s Dependent: The change in level of the liquid, measured at the outermost edge of the beaker (m).

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